<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CTPb7etzOmA" class="youtube-player" width="740" height="416.418" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
The essential information about FCC and CE explained. Thank you very much Clemens Mayer.
    </div>


    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">01:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Why is this topic important?</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">04:05</span><span class="chapters-text">Overview of the video</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">06:29</span><span class="chapters-text">What the FCC considers a module</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">10:37</span><span class="chapters-text">Difference between FCC and CE</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">22:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Where to find compliance documents and standards</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">28:11</span><span class="chapters-text">How to know which certification your product needs</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">33:46</span><span class="chapters-text">Lab report vs. Declaration of conformity</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">38:30</span><span class="chapters-text">Sub-assemblies</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">43:10</span><span class="chapters-text">Steps to EU compliance</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">45:27</span><span class="chapters-text">Self-certification</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">47:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Misuse of CE marking</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">51:07</span><span class="chapters-text">Costs</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">52:02</span><span class="chapters-text">How to obtain CE marking</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">57:07</span><span class="chapters-text">Pre-compliance testing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:00:56</span><span class="chapters-text">When does a module make sense?</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:07:24</span><span class="chapters-text">Compliance is more than RED and EMC</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:14:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Own pre-compliance setup</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:17:03</span><span class="chapters-text">Example: Arduino compatible Devkit with ESP32</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:30:03</span><span class="chapters-text">Example: Bluetooth connected action camera</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:34:46</span><span class="chapters-text">Example: Long range Wifi Door Alarm</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:37:30</span><span class="chapters-text">Example: Dancing Robot Kit</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:45:21</span><span class="chapters-text">How to figure it out for your product</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:49:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Who can help with certification</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:56:03</span><span class="chapters-text">How Smander can help</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:00:49</span><span class="chapters-text">Outro</span></li>
    </div>


    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayermakes/">Clemens´ LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://smander.com/">Clemens´ company</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://early.smander.com/individual-consultation-session/">Consultation</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://europa.eu/youreurope/business/product-requirements/labels-markings/ce-marking/">CE marking</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf1XeGQZQfP1SK2IIJJ2RDUrI0G2zy0QehDHxjHA2EUdNwUlQ/viewform">FEDEVEL Community Membership</a></li>
            
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://discord.com/invite/8a8dUcHmrx">Ask questions on our FEDEVEL Discord</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Everyone designing PCB boards needs to watch this - Certification ( FCC & CE )

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/haal5n355PQ" class="youtube-player" width="740" height="416.418" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Explaining process of making chips. Thank you very much Heather Richardson.
    </div>


    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">01:37</span><span class="chapters-text">Silicon and wafers</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">05:09</span><span class="chapters-text">The process</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">06:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Doping</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">10:06</span><span class="chapters-text">Making an inverter</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">14:17</span><span class="chapters-text">Gate oxide</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">17:16</span><span class="chapters-text">Source and drain regions</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">18:45</span><span class="chapters-text">Why analog chips are harder to build</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">26:16</span><span class="chapters-text">Connecting transistors</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">32:14</span><span class="chapters-text">PDK - Process Design Kit</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">38:39</span><span class="chapters-text">Steps of designing chip</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">43:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Parameterized cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">48:24</span><span class="chapters-text">How long does chip manufacturing take</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:11</span><span class="chapters-text">How much does it cost</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:04:26</span><span class="chapters-text">Foundries (Factories manufacturing chips)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:07:52</span><span class="chapters-text">Reticle</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:13:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Capacitors and resistors</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:18:56</span><span class="chapters-text">US and global IC manufacturing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:23:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Why is it expensive to build and run chip factory</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:28:38</span><span class="chapters-text">About Heather</span></li>
    </div>


    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/heather-electric/">Heather's LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf1XeGQZQfP1SK2IIJJ2RDUrI0G2zy0QehDHxjHA2EUdNwUlQ/viewform">FEDEVEL Community Membership</a></li>
            
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://discord.com/invite/8a8dUcHmrx">Ask questions on our FEDEVEL Discord</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

How Are Chips Manufactured?

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SMmTsU6edVQ" class="youtube-player" width="740" height="416.418" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
This video explains how to calculate and choose output capacitor for switching power supplies. Thank you very much Ali Shirsavar.
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:22</span><span class="chapters-text">Why do we need output capacitor?</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">06:03</span><span class="chapters-text">Measurement: Voltage dip and ripple on output voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">08:23</span><span class="chapters-text">Calculating capacitor value to meet voltage dip requirement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">13:58</span><span class="chapters-text">Calculating ceramic capacitor value to meet ripple requirements</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">22:12</span><span class="chapters-text">Measuring ripple on ceramic capacitor</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">28:30</span><span class="chapters-text">Measuring ripple on electrolytic capacitor</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">31:14</span><span class="chapters-text">Calculating maximum ESR of electrolytic capacitor to meet ripple requirements</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">37:51</span><span class="chapters-text">Finding the right capacitor</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">43:24</span><span class="chapters-text">Capacitance of ceramic capacitor drops with DC voltage (DC Bias)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">45:12</span><span class="chapters-text">Ali's software</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">46:40</span><span class="chapters-text">About Ali</span></li>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ali-shirsavar-661696b/">Ali´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://biricha.com/workshops/">Ali´s company and workshops</a></li>

            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

How to Calculate the Output Capacitor for a Switching Power Supply? It's simple. Explained here...

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="blog-content">
        There are two options:<br><br>

        <b>1) Leave your PCB manufacturer to design PCB stackup for you (Recommended)</b><br>
        <u>Why?</u>
        <ul class="content-list">
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text">You don’t need to spend your time by designing stackup. Leave it on PCB manufacturer – they are professionals. They do it every day. Also, by doing it this way, you can work on design in parallel of handling issues with PCB stackup.</span></li>
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text">Many times PCB manufacturer is not able to build PCB stackup designed by other company or a person outside their company. The main reason is unavailability of material used in some PCB stackups. Selection of material is the best to leave on them – they will choose stocked material.</span></li>
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text">PCB manufacturers use different track geometry calculators and they will not guarantee track impedance if track geometry is calculated by someone else. Many times their calculated numbers and your calculated numbers will be different.</span></li>
        </ul><br>

        An example of email to PCB manufacturer with request for PCB stackup and track geometry.
    </div>
    <div style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#eaeaea;">
        <p style="padding:10px; padding-left:15px;"><i>Please suggest PCB stackup and track geometry for PCB with following parameters:</i></p>
        <p style="padding:10px; padding-left:15px;"><i><u><b>PCB Description</b></u></i></p>
        <p style="padding:10px; padding-left:15px;"><i>– 12 Layers: </i></p>
        <p style="padding:10px; padding-left:30px;"><i>L1 – Signal </i><br> 
                                        <i>L2 – GND </i><br> 
                                        <i>L3 – Signal </i><br>
                                        <i>L4 – Signal </i><br> 
                                        <i>L5 – GND </i><br> 
                                        <i>L6 – Powers </i><br> 
                                        <i>L7 – Powers </i><br>
                                        <i>L8 – GND </i><br> 
                                        <i>L9 – Signal</i><br> 
                                        <i>L10 – Signal </i><br> 
                                        <i>L11 – GND </i><br>
                                        <i>L12 – Signal </i><br> 
                                        <i><b>Please suggest stackup.</b></i></p>

        <p style="padding:10px; padding-left:15px;"><i>– Required impedances: </i></p>
        <p style="padding:10px; padding-left:30px;"><i><u>Single ended:</u> 50 OHMs (L1 (Ref: L2); L3, L4 (Ref: L2, L5); L9, L10 (Ref: L8, L11); L12 (Ref: L11)) </i><br> 
            <i><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Differential:</span> 70, 90, 100 OHMs (L1 (Ref: L2); L3, L4 (Ref: L2, L5);  L9, L10 (Ref: L8, L11); L12 (Ref: L11)) </i><br> <i><b>Please suggest geometry for impedance controlled tracks: Track width / Gap</b></i></p>
        <p style="padding:10px; padding-left:15px;"><i>– Used VIAs: </i></p>
        <p style="padding:10px; padding-left:30px;"><i><u>Through hole VIA</u>: 0.45mm (pad)
                / 0.2mm (drill),</i><br> <i>Start layer: L1, End layer: L12 </i></p>
        <p style="padding:10px; padding-left:30px;"><i><u>uVIAs:</u> </i><br> 
            <i>Start layer: L1, End layer: L2; 0.27mm (pad) / 0.1mm (laser drilled hole) </i><br>
            <i>Start layer: L2, End layer: L3; 0.27mm (pad) / 0.1mm (laser drilled hole) </i><br>
            <i>Start layer: L10, End layer: L11; 0.27mm (pad) / 0.1mm (laser drilled hole) </i><br>
            <i>Start layer: L11, End layer: L12; 0.27mm (pad) / 0.1mm (laser drilled hole) </i></p>
        <p style="padding:10px; padding-left:30px;"><i><u>Buried VIA:</u> </i><br>
            <i>Start Layer: L3, End layer: L10; 0.45mm (pad) / 0.2mm (drill) </i></p>
        <p style="padding:10px; padding-left:15px;"><i>– Other: </i></p>
        <p style="padding:10px; padding-left:30px;"><i>Minimum track: 0.1mm / Minimum gap: 0.1mm</i><br>
             <i>Board thickness: approximately 1.6mm</i><br> 
             <i>Board size: 40x80mm</i></p>
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content">
        <b>2) Design PCB stackup by yourself</b><br>
        Basic information about PCB stackups:
        <ul class="content-list">
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text">PCB is build from three basic materials: Copper foil, Prepreg, Core</span></li>
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text">Standard Copper foil thickness: 5um, 12um, 18um, 35um, 70um</span></li>
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text">Standard prepreg thickness: 65um, 100um, 180um</span></li>
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text">Standard core thickness: 0.15mm, 0.20mm, 0.36mm, 0.46mm, 0.56mm, 0.71mm, 1mm, 1.2mm, 1.5mm, 2.0mm, 2.4mm, 3.2mm. Core is supplied with copper foil on both sides. For some cores you need to add copper foil thickness (18um or 35um) to the core thickness.</span></li>
        </ul><br>

        <i>PCB stackup examples</i>
    </div>
    <table>
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <td>Standard 4 Layer PCB stackup [mm]</td>
                <td>Standard 6 Layer PCB stackup [mm]</td>
                <td>Standard 8 Layer PCB stackup [mm]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Copper foil<br> 0.18 prepreg<br> 0.18 prepreg<br> 0.71 core<br> 0.18 prepreg<br> 0.18 prepreg<br>
                    Copper foil</td>
                <td>Copper foil<br> 0.10 prepreg<br> 0.10 prepreg<br> 0.36 core<br> 0.10 prepreg<br> 0.10 prepreg<br>
                    0.10 prepreg<br> 0.36 core<br> 0.10 prepreg<br> 0.10 prepreg<br> Copper foil</td>
                <td>Copper foil<br> 0.10 prepreg<br> 0.10 prepreg<br> 0.20 core<br> 0.10 prepreg<br> 0.10 prepreg<br>
                    0.20 core<br> 0.10 prepreg<br> 0.10 prepreg<br> 0.20 core<br> 0.10 prepreg<br> 0.10 prepreg<br>
                    Copper foil</td>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>


    <div class="blog-content-text">
        There are some rules how to build your stackup. Not every combination is possible. Check it out with your PCB manufacturer.<br><br>

        <i>Note: If you calculate impedances for your own stackup, don’t forget about PLATING. Plating process add an additional copper (e.g. 20um)  to top and bottom layer (or if you use uVIAs and buried VIAs, then also to some of the inner layers).</i>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content">
        <b>PCB impedance calculation and Track geometry design</b><br>
        <u>Example of Microstrip (the tracks on TOP and BOTTOM layers) impedance calculation</u><br>
        90 Ohms Differential / 55 Ohm Single ended for:<br>
        Track width: 11mil / Copper foil 18um (0.7mil) / Track Gap 8 mil / Dielectric thickness 2x 0.1 prepreg = 0.2mm (7.8mil) / material FR-4 (dielectric constant 4.8)<br><br>

        <a href="https://fedevel.com/blog/pcb-impedance-calculator-single-ended-differential-pair/">PCB impedance calculator – Single ended / Differential pair</a>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/4d7a9-diff-impedance-90_55.jpg" alt="diff impedance 90_55" />
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content">
        <i><u><b>Tip:</b></u> It’s easy to convert between mm and mils. Use google and look for: “10mil to mm” or “0.2mm to mil”</i>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/blog/pcb-impedance-calculator-single-ended-differential-pair/">PCB impedance calculator – Single ended / Differential pair</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

How to design PCB stackup

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="blog-content">
        To create 3D model in Altium is very simple. To see how I created this one watch the video at <a href="https://fedevel.com/blog/altium-designer-3d-model-of-your-pcb-its-reallyeasy/">Altium Designer – 3D model of your PCB – it’s really easy</a><br><br>

        <i>Simple 3D model in Altium Designer</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/4608d-3d-bb.jpg" alt="3D BB" />
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-text">
        <i>Real PCB</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/a9a8d-kds-bb-no-module.png" alt="KDS BB no module" />
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/blog/altium-designer-3d-model-of-your-pcb-its-reallyeasy/">Altium Designer – 3D model of your PCB – it’s really easy</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Altium Designer – 3D Model and Real PCB side by side

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/65hJw_dM5Jk" class="youtube-player" width="740" height="416.418" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        Step by step video tutorial. Shows everything you need to know to start with Altium Designer – Creating Schematic symbols & PCB footprints, Drawing Schematic, Doing PCB layout and Generating Outputs for Manufacturing.
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.fedevel.com/welldoneblog/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/AD-Example.zip">Files from the video</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqFtSpAXB9Q&t=0s">Altium Designer 22 Tutorial - Quick & Easy |  Step by Step</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>   
</div>


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Everyone designing PCB boards needs to watch this - Certification ( FCC & CE )

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How to Calculate the Output Capacitor for a Switching Power Supply? It's simple. Explained here...

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